Sanitary Sewer Overflows (SSOs) are a nightmare for any municipality. The environmental and public health risks, coupled with the hefty fines and negative press, make prevention a top priority. One of the biggest culprits behind these overflows? Fats, oils, and grease – better known as FOG.
Many communities, we grapple with the challenges FOG presents to wastewater the collection system. From clogged lines and struggling lift stations to persistent odors and the buildup of hydrogen sulfide and other odor causing byproducts of anaerobic conditions, FOG creates a cascade of problems that demand a proactive and tailored approach.

The FOG Problem: More Than Just a Nuisance
 Think of FOG as the cholesterol of your sewer system. When discharged into the wastewater stream, it cools and solidifies, clinging to pipe walls and gradually restricting flow. This leads to:

• Sanitary Sewer Overflows (SSOs): Reduced pipe capacity inevitably results in backups, forcing untreated wastewater into streets, homes, and waterways. 
  
  
• Increased Jetting and Cleaning: Crews spend significant time and resources blasting away FOG blockages, a costly and reactive measure.

 

• Lift Station Nightmares: FOG accumulation in lift stations can damage pumps, sensors, and other critical equipment, leading to failures and overflows.

 

• Odor Complaints: The anaerobic decomposition of FOG creates foul odors, including hydrogen sulfide (H2​S), a corrosive gas that not only smells terrible but also damages infrastructure and poses health risks.

 
A Localized Attack Plan: Why One Size Doesn't Fit All
The good news is that these FOG-related headaches aren't insurmountable. The key lies in implementing a targeted treatment program that considers our specific local conditions and the extent of the problem. Factors like the age and condition of our infrastructure, the density of food service establishments, high density residential, and the typical wastewater flow patterns all play a crucial role.

The Power of the Survey: Know Your Enemy
Before we can effectively combat FOG, we need to understand its sources and pathways within our system. This is where a comprehensive survey becomes indispensable. A well-designed survey can pinpoint:

• High FOG Discharge Areas: Identifying restaurants, food processing facilities, and even residential areas with significant FOG contributions.
  
• Problematic Zones in the Collection System: Locating recurring blockages, odor hotspots, and areas with high H2​S levels.
  
• Current FOG Management Practices: Understanding which measures are effective and which areas can be improved.
  
• Potential Treatment Strategies for Key Locations: Strategically identifying locations where treatment can be most effectively introduced into the wastewater stream.
  
  

Treatment Strategies: Tailoring the Solution
Based on the survey results, we can develop a multi-pronged treatment approach. This might involve a combination of strategies, such as:

• Source Control: Implementing and enforcing ordinances that require grease traps and proper disposal methods for food service establishments. Public education campaigns can also encourage responsible residential FOG disposal.
  
• Biological Augmentation: Introducing beneficial microorganisms (bacteria and enzymes) into the collection system. When used appropriately, microbes break down FOG into simpler, less problematic substances like fatty acids and glycerol. This approach can be particularly effective in reducing buildup, odors, and H2​S production.
  
• Chemical Oxidation: In some cases, chemical oxidants can be used to break down FOG. However, careful consideration of dosage and potential impacts on the downstream treatment plant is crucial.
  
  

The Benefits of a Proactive Approach
Investing in a well-designed FOG treatment program yields significant returns:

• Reduced Sanitary Sewer Overflows: Protecting our environment and public health.
  
• Lower Jetting and Cleaning Costs: Saving valuable resources and staff time. Improved Lift Station Performance: Reducing maintenance and the risk of costly failures.
• Odor and Hydrogen Sulfide Control: Enhancing the quality of life for our community and protecting infrastructure.
  
  

Moving Forward: A Collaborative Effort
Tackling FOG is not a solo mission. It requires collaboration between the municipality, local businesses, and residents. By working together and implementing a data-driven, locally tailored treatment program, we can effectively manage the "grease monster" and ensure a healthier, more efficient wastewater collection system for Bossier City. Let's commit to understanding the problem through thorough surveys and implementing the right solutions to keep our pipes flowing freely and our community thriving.
 

Wastewater lagoons are often used in small communities and industries, offering simplicity and cost-effectiveness. However, as effluent permits become more stringent, upgrading these systems is essential to meet compliance while maintaining budgetary constraints. Here are some top upgrades that deliver the most performance increase for the money invested:
 
Enhanced Aeration & Mixing Systems
Upgrading aeration and mixing systems can significantly improve the lagoon's ability to break down organic matter and reduce ammonia levels. Options like fine bubble diffusers or surface aerators are cost-effective and energy efficient. Adding mixers and curtains can prevent issues with short circuiting and ensure influent has full contact with biomass. Enhanced aeration not only boosts treatment capacity but also reduces odors, making it a win-win for operators and nearby residents.
 
Submerged Attached Growth Reactors (SAGR)
SAGRs are innovative systems providing a growth matrix for biofilms, allowing for a higher biomass concentration than seen in suspended growth lagoons. The SAGR upgrades are often used to enhance nitrification and denitrification processes. SAGRs are particularly effective in colder climates, where traditional lagoons struggle to maintain biological activity.
 
Polishing Reactors
Adding a polishing reactor to the lagoon system can help achieve higher effluent quality by targeting specific pollutants like phosphorus and nitrogen. Unlike building an entirely new system, the polishing reactor works with the existing lagoon to target new treatment goals. Often polishing reactors are fixed film or MBBR systems which require much less operator time and maintenance than conventional activated sludge units.
 
Removing Sludge & Reducing Sludge Volumes
As lagoons age, sludge buildup eventually significantly reduces lagoon working volume and can increase problems with short circuiting. Sludge removal can be done with dredging which removes organic and inorganic (non-volatile) solids. If the lagoon has significant volatile solids accumulation, you can reduce the volumes by using a combination of mixers which suspend the solids with high volume, gentle mixing and through the use of various bioaugmentation products designed specifically for organic sludge reduction.
 
Adding Tertiary Treatment
Often phosphorus is bound in solids at the lagoon effluent. Adding a tertiary treatment step often including polymer addition has proven effective in removing TSS and phosphorus. The more complex tertiary systems do require more operational and maintenance hours by workers.
 
Upgrading wastewater lagoons to meet new effluent permit targets doesn't have to involve significant capital expense. By focusing on simple improvements like enhanced aeration, SAGRs, dredging, and polishing reactors, operators can achieve significant performance gains while staying within budget and not adding to operational complexity. These upgrades not only ensure compliance but also contribute to sustainable and efficient wastewater management.